A sub-brand is a distinct brand identity created for a specific product, service line, or division of a business, while remaining visibly connected to the parent brand.
It's a useful structure when a new offering serves a meaningfully different audience or needs a different tone than the core brand, but still benefits from the parent brand's existing trust and recognition rather than starting from zero.
The design challenge is calibrating how much visual distinction versus consistency to build in — too little distinction and the sub-brand doesn't stand out; too much and it loses the credibility benefit of being connected to the parent brand at all.